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CONTINUED HEALTH

 

May 2004
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On Guard Against Giardia

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We both had been itching for another adventure someplace warm, someplace cheap, someplace Spanish-speaking. This trip, six weeks in Guatemala, was one we’d planned together.

In all my travels, I’d had the good fortune of not being sick on the road. A cold here or there, an uncomfortable stomach, but I’d never fallen seriously ill. Michelle, on the other hand, had experienced this before.

Once, in Ecuador, she’d had wrenching pangs of diarrhea. Now, in this Guatemalan pharmacy, we both waited nervously in line hoping our turn would come before another round of cramps and a frantic rush to the nearest bathroom.

It wasn’t that we’d gone traveling unprepared. We made appointments at our local travel clinics before coming to Guatemala. There, we updated our immunizations, received malaria medication and large doses of anti-bacterial pills.

At the first gut-twisting bouts of diarrhea, we’d read the instructions for these pills. They seemed incredibly strong, an entire page of side effects scared us away. Besides, they were anti-bacterial.

We knew that amoebas were a main cause of intestinal problems in Guatemala. Amoebas weren’t bacteria. If we truly had amoebas, our medication wouldn’t work.

Having been through this before, Michelle was a firm believer in local medicine. "These are their bugs. They know what to do with them," she claimed.

She had a point. If we had Guatemalan amoebas, we might as well have Guatemalan pills. Only we didn’t have amoebas. We had giardia.

Again, Michelle’s previous experience had come in handy.

“We need to find a lab,” she said.

“A lab?” I repeated. “For what?”

It turns out she was right. Checking with workers at our hotel, we confirmed that in Guatemala, when one shows signs of sickness, a trip to the laboratory is in order.

There, a blood, urine or stool sample is taken, tests are done and a report is printed. The report can then be taken to a doctor, who will simply read the findings and prescribe a medication, for a charge of $15 USD.

Or, one can skip the doctor and head straight for the pharmacy, hand over the lab diagnosis and get pills. This is what we had done.

By asking around, we’d found a laboratory. For twenty quetzals, which is approximately $3USD, we left stool samples collected in film canisters— an embarrassing and repulsing experience we survived with giggles.

Kelly and Michelle in Tikal, Guatemala. Kelly Westhoff.

We returned a few hours later to pick up our typed reports. Our results, in Spanish, told which tests had been performed. The lab had checked our samples for lipids, blood, and various larvae, as well as amoebas, which we were thrilled we did not have.

Yet, at the bottom of the list in bold, we read our tests were positive for giardia lamblia, a parasite. Not only that, we learned a new vocabulary word.

“Quistes,” our reports also read.

“What’s that?” we asked the lab tech.

“Huevos, eggs,” he responded.

Apparently, Michelle and I were hosts.

We thought about what we had recently eaten and suspected pizza. After swapping tales with other backpackers, it had become the culprit.

Pizza appears safe; it is familiar and arrives at the table hot like guidebooks advise to kill any lingering bacteria. However, pizza isn’t fully cooked. It stays in the oven long enough to melt the cheese, not burn it.

At any point, in the preparation process, if any of the toppings come into contact with dirty knives, cutting boards or hands, the germs picked up are not killed in the oven. They are incubated.

It might not have been the pizza. We might have ingested contaminated water. Although we purchased bottled water, we might have swallowed some in the shower.

Even a mundane act, like taking off our shoes, could have passed on the parasite. If we had stepped in infected dog urine in the street, then touched our shoes, then touched our mouths, we could have picked up giardia.

Any number of things could have made us sick. The important thing now, just two weeks into our trip, was to kill the parasite before the eggs started hatching.

A spot opened at the pharmacy counter. Michelle and I stepped eagerly forward, lab results in hand.

A short Guatemalan stood on the other side of the computer. Normally, his height would not have been remarkable, most Guatemalans were small. Yet, this particular Guatemalan, it seemed, had not yet finished growing.

Dancers in Coban, Guatemala. Kelly Westhoff.

Michelle and I took one look at our clerk and guessed his age to be about twelve. He was dressed in a white lab coat and some sort of infected, scabbed-over pimple marked his left cheek. Fang-like eyeteeth protruded from his smile. Was this really our pharmacist?

Uncertain, we handed our lab reports to him. He picked up Michelle’s, read the first two lines and broke into a fit of giggles. We knew what was at the top of the page—the color and consistency of our lab sample. At least this was proof he could read, if not proof of his age.

Humiliated by his giggles, we almost turned and left. Yet, parasites plan for no one.

We felt okay now, but cramps could come at any minute, we’d already waited in line. With newfound determination, I pointed to the bottom of Michelle’s report, to the diagnosis.

The boy pharmacist nodded, still giggling, then left for a back room. He returned with two different boxes of pills and a strange set of instructions. Two pills every hour with food.

“That’s not right,” we told the boy pharmacist.

“Yes,” he assured, it was.

“But that’s a lot of pills, and a lot of food,” we protested.

“Yes,” he agreed.

The pharmacist at the next station overhead and leaned in to offer help. A young woman in her twenties, she eyed the lab report and cast a sympathetic smile our way. She typed a moment on her computer.

Then, in rapid Spanish we didn’t understand, she barked at the boy. He scurried back to the supply room, head hung low. This time he returned with an arm full of boxes and spread them on the counter. Each box was a different brand of pills; we could choose whichever we wanted. But how to choose?

By now, we’d attracted the attention of yet another pharmacist, this time a grown man. With three generations assisting, we were allowed to open each box and view the pills.

Most were large, white and non-coated. All were individually sealed, like cold medicine in the United States, so we didn’t dirty any. Reading the leaflet in each box—again in Spanish, we were able to make out dosages and side effects.

Yet, our main interest was to ensure that whichever drug we chose, it treated giardia. Most of the medications offered a list of ailments it cured. If we didn’t spot giardia on the list, we put those pills aside.

“But this is good,” argued the boy, picking up box we’d set aside.

“Hush,” scolded the young woman.

“And this one too,” he protested, offended by yet another rejected brand.

“Leave them be,” she snapped.

The grown pharmacist, understanding our anxiety to find the right medicine for our disease, and perhaps our distrust of the boy, pulled a pill book from under the counter. It was three years old.

Michelle and I were weary to consult it. The grown pharmacist persisted however, opening the thick pages and sliding it across the counter.

The book listed ailments alphabetically, each entry with a list of drugs used for treatment. Cross-checking the leaflets with the pill book, Michelle and I narrowed our choices to three, none of which suggested doses of two pills every hour with food.

Life cycle of the devil incarnate, but this picture makes them look halfway fun. US National Park Service.

We selected the brand Quistemizole for two reasons. First, the dosage of three pills a day with meals, for ten days, seemed reasonable. Since we knew our intestines were host to giardia eggs, or “quistes,”it pleased us that our medication shared the name of our infliction.

To this, the boy pharmacist giggled agreement.

“Yes, yes,” he nodded. That made perfect sense.

It did, we thought, carrying our boxes to the cashier. We made it safely from the pharmacy and back to our hotel. Three pills and a day later, Michelle and I were on the road to recovery.


Kelly Westhoff is a freelance writer and teacher in the Minneapolis/St. Paul area. She writes for many local publications and is in the process of completing her first book, a travel memoir.

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Giardia Facts

What is giardia?

Giardia is a microscopic parasite that lives in the intestines of humans and animals.
It’s spread through fecal matter and generally contaminates water sources.

Giardia is found throughout the world, as well as in Europe and the United States.
It is also called giardia lamblia or giardia instestinalis.

What are giardia symptoms?

Giardia symptoms generally appear one to two weeks after ingestion and include diarrhea, stomach cramps, bloating, gas, lethargy, loss of appetite and nausea.

Symptoms can continue for days, weeks or even months.

How do you get giardia?

Giardia is contracted by swallowing something that has come into contact with infected stools of a person or animal that has giardia. Giardia eggs, or cysts, are protected by hard shells that allow them to live outside the body for a long period of time.

Ingesting simply one or two giardia cysts can make you sick.

Untreated water is often the culprit of a giardia infection. Contaminated water can be found in swimming pools, fountains, faucets, rivers, lakes, springs, among others.

Uncooked food washed with contaminated water can also spread giardia.

Giardia cysts can live on unwashed surfaces such as toys and bathroom fixtures.

Giardia is not blood-born.

How can you avoid giardia?

When traveling, drink bottled water.

Consider bringing a portable water filter if you will be traveling off the beaten path. Water filters can be bought at many camping stores such as REI.

Beware ice cubes! Ice may have been made with untreated water. Skip the ice.

Wash any fruits or vegetables you plan to eat raw with treated water.

Wash your hands after visiting the bathroom, wash your hands before you eat anything, wash your hands, wash your hands, wash your hands.

How do you get rid of giardia?

In many developing countries, intestinal problems are common. While it’s embarrassing to discuss such personal issues with strangers, ask natives for advice.

Local language schools are used to dealing with travelers’ inflictions and may point you in the right direction. Visit a local pharmacy for medicines that can help eliminate the problem.

Pay a visit to your own doctor at home before departing on a budget adventure. Ask for anti-diarrhea pills.

However, generally pills you will get in the US are anti-bacterial. Over the counter medications, such as Imodium and Pepto-Bismol, only offer quick fixes. Use them if you are on the road and far from a toilet, otherwise avoid them.

Once home, consider visiting your own doctor again to ensure you are healthy.

For More Information

Visit www.giardiaclub.com for detailed descriptions of giardia symptoms. The site also offers recommendations on portable water filters. For the truly interested, there’s even a photo of a giardia parasite.

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) website provides a wealth of information for the budget traveler. Note the URL in your guidebook or journal as a reference in case health issues arise during your travels. Go to www.cdc.gov.